human il 37 protein  (R&D Systems)

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum IL-37 levels on the day of admission were elevated in pediatric patients with sepsis. Serum IL-37 concentrations were quantified using ELISA in peripheral blood samples. (a) Cohorts Design: The study included a discovery cohort-Chongqing comprising healthy controls (n = 32), pediatric non-septic infection controls (n = 32), and pediatric sepsis patients (n = 40), as well as a validation cohort consisting of healthy controls (n = 48), pediatric non-septic infection controls (n = 40), and pediatric sepsis patients (n = 105). (b) In the discovery cohort (Chongqing), serum IL-37 concentrations were significantly higher in pediatric patients with sepsis. (c) In the validation cohort (Sichuan), serum IL-37 concentrations were also elevated in pediatric patients with sepsis. (d) In the discovery cohort (Chongqing), serum IL-37 levels in children with septic shock were higher than those in children with sepsis without shock. (e) In the validation cohort (Sichuan), serum IL-37 levels in children with septic shock were higher than those in children with sepsis without shock. Statistical significance was observed with *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; and ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The level of IL-37 in pediatric patients with bacterial sepsis. The pathogenic bacteria infected in patients with sepsis, (a) in the discovery cohort (Chongqing), (b) in the validation cohort (Sichuan). Serum concentrations of IL-37 in patients with sepsis associated with bacterial infections were measured (c) in the discovery cohort (Chongqing) and (e) in the validation cohort (Sichuan). The serum IL-37 concentrations were evaluated in cases of sepsis caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (d) in the discovery cohort (Chongqing) and (f) in the validation cohort (Sichuan).

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: Bacteria, Infection, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The ROC curves for IL-37 at admission for the diagnosis of pediatric patients with sepsis. (a) The ROC curve for IL-37, IL-6, CRP, and PCT at admission in the discovery cohort, which included 40 pediatric patients with sepsis from Chongqing. (b) The ROC curve for IL-37, IL-6, CRP, and PCT at admission in the validation cohort, which comprised 105 pediatric patients with sepsis from Sichuan. (c) The ROC curve for IL-37 combined with PCT, CRP, and IL-6 in the discovery cohort from Chongqing. (d) The ROC curve for IL-37 combined with PCT, CRP, and IL-6 in the validation cohort from Sichuan. AUC refers to the area under the ROC curve; the cut-off value indicates the optimal diagnostic cutoff points for pediatric patients with sepsis; Sens (%): sensitivity; Spec (%): specificity; PPV(%): positive predictive value; NPV(%): negative predictive value.

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The involvement of IL-37 in regulating inflammation during sepsis in vivo . (a) The flow chart detailing the animal experiments was provided. (b) A significant decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count was observed in the peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) 24 hours after the administration of IL-37, in comparison to the control group treated with PBS and the control following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in (c) blood and (d) PLF from septic mice (n = 5 per group), treated with either IL-37 or PBS 24 hours post-CLP, were quantified using ELISA. (e) mice (n = 8 per group) were injected intraperitoneally with rhIL-37 (2 μg/injection) at CLP, and survival was monitored for 7 days. The results for CXCL-1, IL-6, CCL2, and IL-10 in PLF were presented in a logarithmic scale. Statistical significance was observed with *P<0.05; **P<0.01.

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: In Vivo, Comparison, Control, Ligation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Injection

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects on macrophages and neutrophils in the peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) 24 hours post-treatment with IL-37 or PBS in CLP mice (n=5 per group). Peritoneal macrophages were identified by gating on CD11b+F4/80+ cells. M1 macrophages in the abdominal cavity were identified by gating on F4/80+CD86+, while M2 macrophages were identified by gating on F4/80+CD206+. Peritoneal neutrophils were identified by gating on CD11b+Ly6G+ cells. (a) Shows the total number of macrophages in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP. (b) Displays the number of F4/80+CD86+(M1) macrophages in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP. *P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference when compared to septic mice treated with PBS control (Mann-Whitney U test). (c) Illustrates the number of F4/80+CD206+(M2) macrophages in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP. (d) Depicts the number of neutrophils in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP.

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the culture supernatant following treatment with IL-37 or PBS for 24 hours on PBMCs derived from pediatric patients with sepsis (n=4). The cytokines were quantified using the flow cytometry CBA method. a–f display the concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, respectively, in the culture supernatant after treatment.

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The role of IL-37 in the immune regulation of sepsis in vitro . It presents the changes on lymphocyte subsets in pediatric sepsis patients following the administration with IL-37 in PBMCs. The parameters measured included: (a) the percentage of CD3+ T cells, (b) the percentage of CD4+ T cells, (c) the percentage of CD8+ T cells, (d) the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, (e) the percentage of CD3-CD19+ B cells, (f) the percentage of NK cells, and (g) the percentage of NKT cells. A statistically significant difference was observed with *P < 0.05 when compared to pediatric septic PBMCs treated with PBS control, as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: The recombinant human IL-37 protein (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) and anti-IL-37 (1 μg, 10 ng; Lot: UAE0322071, R&D Systems, USA) were added to the PBMC cultures, which were maintained in Gibco 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere, with a cell density of 1×10^6/mL.

Techniques: In Vitro, Control, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum IL-37 levels on the day of admission were elevated in pediatric patients with sepsis. Serum IL-37 concentrations were quantified using ELISA in peripheral blood samples. (a) Cohorts Design: The study included a discovery cohort-Chongqing comprising healthy controls (n = 32), pediatric non-septic infection controls (n = 32), and pediatric sepsis patients (n = 40), as well as a validation cohort consisting of healthy controls (n = 48), pediatric non-septic infection controls (n = 40), and pediatric sepsis patients (n = 105). (b) In the discovery cohort (Chongqing), serum IL-37 concentrations were significantly higher in pediatric patients with sepsis. (c) In the validation cohort (Sichuan), serum IL-37 concentrations were also elevated in pediatric patients with sepsis. (d) In the discovery cohort (Chongqing), serum IL-37 levels in children with septic shock were higher than those in children with sepsis without shock. (e) In the validation cohort (Sichuan), serum IL-37 levels in children with septic shock were higher than those in children with sepsis without shock. Statistical significance was observed with *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; and ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The level of IL-37 in pediatric patients with bacterial sepsis. The pathogenic bacteria infected in patients with sepsis, (a) in the discovery cohort (Chongqing), (b) in the validation cohort (Sichuan). Serum concentrations of IL-37 in patients with sepsis associated with bacterial infections were measured (c) in the discovery cohort (Chongqing) and (e) in the validation cohort (Sichuan). The serum IL-37 concentrations were evaluated in cases of sepsis caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (d) in the discovery cohort (Chongqing) and (f) in the validation cohort (Sichuan).

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: Bacteria, Infection, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The ROC curves for IL-37 at admission for the diagnosis of pediatric patients with sepsis. (a) The ROC curve for IL-37, IL-6, CRP, and PCT at admission in the discovery cohort, which included 40 pediatric patients with sepsis from Chongqing. (b) The ROC curve for IL-37, IL-6, CRP, and PCT at admission in the validation cohort, which comprised 105 pediatric patients with sepsis from Sichuan. (c) The ROC curve for IL-37 combined with PCT, CRP, and IL-6 in the discovery cohort from Chongqing. (d) The ROC curve for IL-37 combined with PCT, CRP, and IL-6 in the validation cohort from Sichuan. AUC refers to the area under the ROC curve; the cut-off value indicates the optimal diagnostic cutoff points for pediatric patients with sepsis; Sens (%): sensitivity; Spec (%): specificity; PPV(%): positive predictive value; NPV(%): negative predictive value.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The involvement of IL-37 in regulating inflammation during sepsis in vivo . (a) The flow chart detailing the animal experiments was provided. (b) A significant decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count was observed in the peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) 24 hours after the administration of IL-37, in comparison to the control group treated with PBS and the control following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in (c) blood and (d) PLF from septic mice (n = 5 per group), treated with either IL-37 or PBS 24 hours post-CLP, were quantified using ELISA. (e) mice (n = 8 per group) were injected intraperitoneally with rhIL-37 (2 μg/injection) at CLP, and survival was monitored for 7 days. The results for CXCL-1, IL-6, CCL2, and IL-10 in PLF were presented in a logarithmic scale. Statistical significance was observed with *P<0.05; **P<0.01.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: In Vivo, Comparison, Control, Ligation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Injection

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects on macrophages and neutrophils in the peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) 24 hours post-treatment with IL-37 or PBS in CLP mice (n=5 per group). Peritoneal macrophages were identified by gating on CD11b+F4/80+ cells. M1 macrophages in the abdominal cavity were identified by gating on F4/80+CD86+, while M2 macrophages were identified by gating on F4/80+CD206+. Peritoneal neutrophils were identified by gating on CD11b+Ly6G+ cells. (a) Shows the total number of macrophages in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP. (b) Displays the number of F4/80+CD86+(M1) macrophages in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP. *P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference when compared to septic mice treated with PBS control (Mann-Whitney U test). (c) Illustrates the number of F4/80+CD206+(M2) macrophages in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP. (d) Depicts the number of neutrophils in the PLF of CLP mice treated with IL-37–24 hours post-CLP.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the culture supernatant following treatment with IL-37 or PBS for 24 hours on PBMCs derived from pediatric patients with sepsis (n=4). The cytokines were quantified using the flow cytometry CBA method. a–f display the concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, respectively, in the culture supernatant after treatment.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: The diagnostic and immunomodulatory role of IL-37 in pediatric sepsis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1765956

Figure Lengend Snippet: The role of IL-37 in the immune regulation of sepsis in vitro . It presents the changes on lymphocyte subsets in pediatric sepsis patients following the administration with IL-37 in PBMCs. The parameters measured included: (a) the percentage of CD3+ T cells, (b) the percentage of CD4+ T cells, (c) the percentage of CD8+ T cells, (d) the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, (e) the percentage of CD3-CD19+ B cells, (f) the percentage of NK cells, and (g) the percentage of NKT cells. A statistically significant difference was observed with *P < 0.05 when compared to pediatric septic PBMCs treated with PBS control, as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human IL-37 protein (Lot: MLB0319061, R&D Systems, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 2 μg per injection ( , ) immediately following the CLP procedure.

Techniques: In Vitro, Control, MANN-WHITNEY